Английский ЕГЭ - банк заданий - страница 319
Вопросы
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Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски А-F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1-7. Одна из частей в списке 1-7 лишняя. Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.
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Starting university can be one of the most exciting times of your life, no matter what age you are when you start, yet it can also be one of the scariest. It can make you doubt that you’re ready for the true adult life and shows that you need a little guidance in it. Yet, for some people, it can make them blossom into adulthood and prove that this is where they belong. The stresses that university brings, however, are something that not many people are prepared for.
At university, most students get a student loan that is meant to last between 3–4 months, depending on when the next loan comes in. The loan is to be spent on accommodation (if living away from home), transportation (if commuting), food, and other things, such as materials for your uni course. As a result, budgeting becomes highly important to make sure the money lasts.
There are ways to handle this, though. You can try to make a weekly or monthly budget of what you need to spend, what you’d like to spend, and what you want to put into savings. If you don’t have any money left to put into savings at the end of a month, you should not panic too much. You’re not alone, and there are many students who are in the same boat. Don’t be afraid to tell your friends or your family that you’re struggling. There will often be people who can help in any way.
Another source of stress when you go to university is living away from home or having a long-distance commute. For example, I commute from Sheffield to Derby on a daily basis, which doesn’t take too much time, but it is stressful because I need to make sure I’m on the right train, or else I could end up in London. Starting out commuting can be worrying since you might not know where to go or what transport to use. Moreover, travelling to a different city in itself can be extremely nerve-racking. Yet the more you do it, the more confident you become. It’s stressful starting out, but as your confidence and independence grows, you will be able to commute with little to no issues.
The difference in work from A Levels to university can also be a shock to your nervous system. It varies from whatever course you’re doing, so it can be very different for most students. The deadlines are a lot closer together, the workload can be a lot more than expected since some courses are highly coursework based, and doing university exams can be frightening because you aren’t sure how they’re going to look or whether they’ll work any different than the A Level exams. If you get too worked up, you’ll get nothing done because you may shut down and want to do nothing. For these reasons, it’s more important to calm yourself. If you make time for relaxation, you will be able to go back to work with a calm mind, and you’ll probably get even more work done.
University is a challenging experience for most people, but, hopefully, it will be one of the most rewarding times of your life. You will learn skills of being an adult and will hopefully become a better person for it. Stresses will come and go but never be ashamed of asking for help if you need it. Whether it’s asking for help from a friend or a lecturer, they’ll be more than happy to help you. Enjoy your time at university and try not to let the stresses ruin your experience. Be confident, and don’t let anything get in your way of achieving what you want in life. Your mental health is more important than anything, so make sure to always take time for yourself. You are your own priority. You should stay strong, and I’m sure you will be able to handle anything.
According to the author, starting university
The expression “extremely nerve-racking” in paragraph 4 (“…travelling to a different city in itself can be extremely nerve-racking.”) is synonymic to
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания №12-18. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
For centuries, scholars such as René Descartes have argued that consciousness is a uniquely human attribute. In this view, animals were regarded as merely cleverly designed robots with a toolkit of pre-programmed behaviours, each triggered by certain environmental stimuli.
Social insects such as bees and ants seemed to confirm this viewpoint. Some scientists acknowledged, though, that a large behavioural repertoire is required for such insects to construct their elaborate homes and provide their young with adequate nutrition. Nevertheless, until recently, prevailing theories claimed that these animals were just “reflex machines” without internal representation of the world or an ability to foresee even the immediate future. Increasingly, however, scientists are taking note of indications that insects exhibit consciousness-like behaviour. Honeybees, for example, have a symbolic, movement-based language by which they communicate about the precise coordinates of floral food sources or potential nest sites.
Some lines of evidence are from experiments that have been buried for centuries without anyone recognizing their significance for consciousness. For example, more than 200 years ago, the Swiss entomologist François Huber suggested that honeybees might display foresight in the construction of their honeycomb. To prove his suggestion, Huber placed glass panes into the path of honeybees building a hive. Glass is a suboptimal surface for attaching wax, so the bees took corrective action long before they reached the slippery surface. They shifted the structure’s orientation by 90 degrees to attach the comb to the nearest wooden surface. That means that the bees had anticipated a suboptimal result before it occurred.
Another example is a 2017 study in which some bumblebees were required to transport a small ball to a defined location. Observer bees learned how to solve the task through social demonstration by skilled bees. When later tested on their own, the observer bees chose a ball closer to the designated location. They did this even when the closest ball was coloured black instead of the trained yellow. Rolling a ball is not a behaviour that bees perform in nature, so the observers had no prior experience of rolling the balls. These results indicate that instead of “aping” a learned technique, the bumblebees spontaneously improved on the strategy used by the demonstrators, suggesting they appreciated the outcome of their actions.
One objection to the hypothesis of insect consciousness is that their brains are simply too small. Although a bee brain has only about 1 million nerve cells (compared to approximately 80 billion in a human brain), some individual neurons have a complexity of branching that rivals a fully-grown oak tree. A bee brain may have about 1 billion connections between neural wires that can be shaped by experience. Thus, we can say that insects’ nervous systems are anything but simple.
Another objection is that much of human behaviour depends on subconscious processing. According to this theory, the brain collects and weighs environmental stimuli and data from memory, computes the best option, and makes the behavioural choice for us by initiating an action. One could interpret this as evidence that consciousness has no causal input into behaviour. In this case, the argument that animals need it for living is unavailable or, perhaps, what we need consciousness for is fully automated in them.
These arguments, however, do not diminish the case for widespread consciousness in the animal kingdom. It is obvious that despite the wonders of unconscious processing, human beings cannot nourish themselves, engage in social lives, or find the way to a new destination without consciousness of the world outside their bodies.
Consciousness is an evolutionary invention — akin to wings or lungs — that is useful to us, and it is most likely useful to other organisms with traits deeply homologous to ours. They share with us the difficulties of remembering, predicting the future, and coping with unforeseen challenges. If the same behavioural and cognitive criteria are applied to much larger-brained vertebrates, then some insects qualify as conscious agents, with no less certainty than dogs or cats. Their experience of the world is not as rich or as detailed as our experience – but it still feels like something to be a bee.
Modern scientists believe that bees and ants